Zimmerman House, Photos of the New Hampshire Usonian

APUSH Out of Many Chapter 14 notes - 2593 Words

Chap 14-The Territorial expansion of the United States A. Community: TexansTEJAOS â€Å"Remember the Alamo.† 1. 1836, Santa Anna(President of Mexico) came to subdue Texas-1,500 Mexican died, Texas defenders(failed)- â€Å"remember the Alamo† eventually forced Santa Anna to recognize Texas independence. 2. Tejanos(S. Texans)-favored A. Settlers for their economic plan-authorized A. Colonies w/in Texas(central/ east)-attracted ppl from Miss. Valley-introduced slaverycotton-Tejanos, both wealthy rancherospoor cowboy/tenant farmer(vaqueros/peones). 3. Politicalsocially unstable first after revol. At 1821-Liberals favored loose federal union but strong states-Texas(not a state) favored local control-Liberals controlled Mexican†¦show more content†¦In particular. 2.After Panic of 1837, more convinced that prosperity depended on trade w/Asia-looked for W.harbor (Puget Sound in Oregon, San DiegoFrancisco at Mexican controlled CA)-Sullivan was Democrat-supported expansion,but Whigs opposed itfavored industrialization bc fear expansion of slavery. 3.Democrats also feared industrialization welcomed by Whigs-viewed as economic depression-Panic of 1837 caused by uncontrolled growthsocial unrest-seek for TJ’s agrarian society to balance(also bc many were S. Who practiced cotton production)-Average farmers moved for land hunger,national pride,curiosity, sense of adventure. The Overland Trials: 1.Overland Trail from Missouri R. To OregonCA long,dangerous,tediousexhausting-separated from familyhomeland-still streamed to W.(5Ã¥ Æ'to O,3Ã¥ Æ'CA in 184548)-bc provided economic opportunities healthy surrounding(appeal to panic of 1837malaria stroke farmers), also bc men seeking for sense of adventurewomen seeking for ideal home-travel in group bc fear of nativesneed help passing rivermt- often elected a leader of the â€Å"train†-democratic but not accepted unanimously- everyone had to accept benefit/bad of new community. 2.Route dangerpoorly supplied(mtriver),worst in way toward CA-(Sierra Nevada-Donner party- cannibalism)-wagons endangered by illnessaccident-Indian attack-few, but whiteShow MoreRelatedBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesstudents will probably conclude that England’s efforts were most successful, though students should not be penalized for other conclusions, provided that they provide a persuasive rationale. Note the limits of the question in terms of place and time. Discussing the sugar colonies in the West Indies would be ruled out by the phrase â€Å"eastern seaboard of North America.† While the question focuses on colonies established prior to 1660, the documents refer to some things that happened later and a student couldRead MoreApush Notes: Conquering a Continent 1861-1877 Essay2517 Words   |  11 PagesCheyanne Ervin APUSH, Period: 2 Ms. Check 14 January 2013 Chapter 16: Conquering a Continent, 1861-1877: * Essential Question: What factors helped advance the integration of the national economy after the Civil War? Section 1: The Republican Vision: * Integrating the National Economy: * Reshaping the former Confederacy after the Civil War supplemented a Republican drive to strengthen the national economy to overcome limitations of market variations that took place under previous Democratic

Online vs Traditional Education free essay sample

Most people believe that online education is easy. People believe that students are just sitting in front of the computer; they can switch tabs and enjoy social media, listen to music and speak on the phone while attending their class online. Reality is that online education requires time management, discipline, and the same responsibilities that a traditional education does. Online college and traditional classes require that students have excellent time management. Traditional classes allow students to have the freedom of managing their time differently compared to online students. Online schools have more structured time lines as to when participation must be completed. Online schools and traditional schools measure and grade their students participation and commitment. In traditional classrooms students voluntarily participate in class discussions, students are required to participate for a minimum of three times per class period. Traditional students attend class one day a week and manage their time differently compared to online students. Online students also have a minimum requirement of participation per week, and they are required to attend online forum classes for a minimum of three times a week. Online students are required to participate on discussion boards with other students, with a minimum posting participation of eight times a week. Therefore, online students have a wider perspective of opinions including people that may struggle compared to traditional environment. Online students must be able to manage their time for participation and also to continue with full time jobs and family duties. Online students have the flexibility of participating remotely from their work at lunchtime and even if they are on vacation. Online school students can set time to continue their class instead of having to take time off from school while completing other activities. Students that attend a traditional school can only miss one day of class, this could be a challenge should personal emergency, vacation time, or work related issues shall arise. Online school allows the opportunity to study remotely and comply with attendance and participation. Not only students can access their class from a laptop, they can access it from smartphones applications. These features provide great tools for online school compared to traditional schools. â€Å"Not only do students need to monitor their progress in an ongoing fashion and adjust their strategies for learning based on their progress, they also need to maintain a time management schedule in order to complete online learning activities in the allotted timeframes. † (Orellana, Hudgins, Simonson, 2009, p. 470). Online students must self-discipline and commit themselves to meet the deadlines imposed by their online teacher. People believe that because online students do not meet with their teachers weekly they can skip participation or extend their homework. This belief is incorrect online students are asses based on their timely participation and homework submission. Online and traditional classes provide students with a syllabus to guide them with due dates and the number of points their homework is worth. This guide helps the student comply with due dates and assignments, and impose responsibility on the student to meet these due dates. For traditional students discipline comes easier, due to the fact that they attend class physically it creates a sense of responsibility turning their paperwork on time. Online students must discipline themselves to turn homework on time and complete team papers by specific dates based on their commitment with the team. Both online and traditional schools assign teams on each class to students to participate on weekly homework and final paperwork or power point presentations. Separate from the weekly team homework, individual assignments are still also mandatory for students. Traditional instructors offer a wide variety of assignments, quizzes, test, and oral presentations in order to comply for students with participation. Online instructors tend to follow a design of assignments that are practical. Online classes can help people learning self-discipline in school as well in their personal life. Online school comes also with many other responsibilities that traditional school does not have. Students believe that transitioning from traditional education to online will alleviate some responsibilities, but that is incorrect. Contrary to this belief online education has the same commitments and regulations that traditional education does. Online education has teams as well, which creates a bigger challenge and responsibility compare when you are on traditional school teams. Teams are assigned based on the time zone, but not always creating an immediate communication challenge. Team members that do not have the same time zone will have issues at urgent times of communication if needed. A good example is, student A, from team one lives in Florida, student B lives in California, their time zone is completely different, and when student A could be completing the team assignment for submission, and needs to communicate with student B he may be still sleeping. This could also be an issue if students want to set a team meeting to discuss future homework. Student must commit with their team and set expectations and communication trends in order to avoid these situations. Traditional education students are in the same time zone, are local, and interact with each other at class and they can set meeting locations to discuss and complete assignments. Online education students also have the responsibility of communicating with their instructors, as they do not meet face to face on a weekly basis. Student must ensure that they communicate via forum, email, and if available via phone to discuss any question or doubt that they may have. This could also create a challenge because the professor may not be available immediately for the student and it could create a conflict if both individual time zones are different. Both forms of education are excellent. They both provide students with the same quality of education and they prepare students to the real world that they will confront in the line of business that they choose. Both teach students time management, discipline and responsibilities. Students learn how to balance their personal, academic, and work time without compromising any of them. Both forms of education teach students to work with others as a team, promoting teamwork. Both require students to participate weekly and comply with homework and projects. No matter what kind form of education a student decide to participate; they need to ensure that their commitment and dedication is for long term. Online education has the same priorities and responsibilities that traditional education has.

Investigating Financial Control Essay Example

Investigating Financial Control Essay The business Ill be examining and find out their objectives and aims is Sainsbury. Sainsbury is a retail store that was founded in 1869 by John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury and it is Britains longest-standing major food retailing chain. They opened their first small dairy shop at 173 Drury Lane, London. Drury Lane was one of Londons poorest areas and the Sainsburys shop quickly became popular for offering high-quality products at low prices. It was so successful that further branches were opened in other market streets in Stepney, Islington and Kentish Town. In addition, their head office is in J Sainsbury plc, 33 Holborn, London, EC1 N2HT.By 1882, John James Sainsbury had four shops and had plans to expand his business further. He opened a depot in Kentish Town, north-west London, to supply this growing chain and, on the same site, built bacon kilns that produced the first Sainsbury brand product. It was also in 1882 that John James opened his first branch in the prosperous suburb o f Croydon. This shop sold a wide range of high-class provisions and was more elaborately decorated than the earlier shops. However, between 1890 and 1900 the number of Sainsburys branches increased from 16 to 48.In addition to a wide range of quality food and grocery products, many stores offer bread baked on the premises, delicatessen, meat and fish counters, pharmacies, coffee shops, restaurants and petrol stations. There are over 14 million people that shop at Sainsburys supermarkets regularly and there are 721 stores throughout the UK. Over 10.3 million aluminium cans are recycled at Sainsburys stores each year along with 22,000 tonnes of glass.J Sainsbury plc is one of the UK and USs leading food retailers with interests in financial services and property. Sainsburys is the parent organisation controlling these operating companies and they are:* Sainsburys supermarkets* Sainsburys bank in the UK* Shaws Supermarkets* Star Market in the US* Sainsburys Development* Sainsburys prop erty companySainsburys goal isTo deliver an ever-improving shopping experience for customers with greater product at fair pricesSainsburys mission isTo be the consumers first choice for food, delivering products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and togetherSainsburys has got a lot of different aims. One of the aims is:* To exceed customer expectations for healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food making their lives easier every day.Sainsburys has also got a lot of different objectives. One of the objectives is:* To meet customers needs effectively and in addition provide shareholders with good, sustainable financial returnsSainsburys main products are supermarket/grocery products, retail banking services, and retail property development services. Sainsburys are committed in providing food at the highest quality that is not only delicious but also safe for everyone. The range of customers is the public; it is a store that is ope n to everyone. Sainsburys sells almost all types of products, for example:* Milk* Bakery products* All types of food* Toiletries* Canned food, etcSainsbury provides employees with a stimulating and well-equipped working environment. According to one of the departmental head, he stated that Making teamwork work should be the goals of a lot of organisations in order to make use of all employees strengths to improve the organisation as a whole.TransactionsIs a method of buying or selling goods and it could also be a way of purchasing money from one person to another. It can also be a technique of transferring services from one business to another.Transaction from customersThere are different ways in which customers purchases their goods. It could either be by cash and debit or credit card. Furthermore, most customers pay by debit or credit card because they feel more convenient and they could always get limited cash from the store when they are paying for their shopping and then the st aff records it on to the till and also their receipt.Transaction Manual recordingThis is when a ccutomer purchases goods from the store and then he/she pays by credti or debit card. After paying for the items with the credit or debit card, the customer recieves a receipt to sign and then when he/she signs the receipt, the staff checks the receipt with the card given by the customer to be sure its the right signature and the signed reciept is being kept with other customers receipt. However this is copy of the store and everything is being recorded at the end of the day.Transaction Electronic recordingIf a customer made purchses with cash, credit or debit it is automatically registered in the cash register and this is recorded electronically. This process is easy because at the end of the day the business would know how much money theyve made and they could easily retrieve information on the system for future references.The effectiveness and security of recording transaction mauall y and electronicallyManual recording is effective because its way of recording transaction easily and faster by customers purchasing items from the store. In addition, all the receipts should be kept for future references at the end of the day and they should be stored in a safe and dry place.Manual recording is not secure due to some certain reasons like if:* Customers reciepts could be lost.* Receipts may not be handled with proper care, that is, a staff could put it in the bin without taking note that it is still a receipt that could be useful for the future.* Time is being wasted because it takes a lot of time to record transaction of customers.* Receipts could get wet mistakely by staff.* Staff could forget to record transaction.Electronic recording is effective because it saves a lot of time. Whenever a transaction is made it is automatically recorded on to the main system. In addition, customers see how much theyve spent whenever a transaction is being processed for them.Elec tronic recording is not secure because when the system crashes, most of the transaction information being recorded could be lost. When typing in the payment made by customers, the wrong amount of money could be recorded and this could lead to difficulty when trying to retrieve customers payments on the products purchased from the store.Task 2They are different ways in which fraud could occur in Sainsburys and they are:* Fraud could occur in this business when any of the staff gives out the security code for some certain information.* Fraud could take place when a staff obtains money from the company, cashier or till.* When some basic equipments or products are being taken out without anyone knowing.* When purchases made by customer, purchases made by staff and sales to customers are not recorded.* Fraud could occur when a staff gives out a product to family, peers without payment.* When customers or staff walks out from the store with some certain products without paying.* When staf f or customer eats or drinks a certain product form the store without payment.* Fraud could occur when staff doesnt record a purchase made by customer.* It could occur when prices of products are beind reduced for some family or peers without recording.* Where the companys equipment is used for inappropriate personal use or log in to some confidential information, e.g. access to the computer and the changing some information on spreadsheets or database.Task 3Prevention of fraud could be avoided in different ways in Sainsburys and they are:Fraud monitoring serviceIf Sainsburys staff sees unusual transactions appearing on a customers card and become suspicious that someone is using his/her card or card details without the customers knowledge, Sainsburys company would as soon as possible to check whether the customer made the recent expenditures. The business organisation has also a contact number to call in case of any fraud, which is 0845 355 0866.Free online guaranteeIf a transactio n is using a customers details and has been carried out on the Internet without the knowledge or consent of the customer, Sainsburys organization take this case serious by providing a free online guarantee to safeguard against malicious card use.Chip and PINAs in this modern time, there are all new credit and debit cards, customers Sainsburys Bank credit card comes with the added security of Chip and PIN. This is a simple way to pay for shopping that doesnt involve signing a receipt. When paying for something, the customer needs to have or do is entering a 4-digit personal identification number (PIN) this is just as using a cash machine. This is a PIN that will be personal to the customer; it will make counterfeiting almost impossible, keeping all customers transactions secure. All customers can change their PIN to make it easier to remember or if anyone knows their PIN and they want to change it for security. If a customer wants to change his/her PIN, they could visit any Sainsbur ys Bank, Halifax or Bank of Scotland cash machine and simply follow the on screen instructions.Sainsburys strongly advise that customers never write down or tell anyone their credit card PIN number. In addition, customers should never give their card, or card number, to anyone unless they are giving them payment details. There is also a contact number, which is 0845 300 0344* in case a customer thinks anyone is in a position to use their card without their permission.Public ActionThe company encourages members of the public or staffs that if they presume fraud and corruption, they should contact anyone in a higher rank in the store, that is the Chief Executive, Manager or security.My source of information was from www.sainsburybank.co.ukFraud could also be prevented through this ways too, which are:o Staffs are trainned on how to recognise shop lifters.o CCTV cameras are being installed.o Before employees are employed, their personal record are being checked for any criminal record before they are employed.o Security gaurds.o At the start and at the end of sales for the day, stock are being doubled checked in order to make sure everything is in perfect and not missing.This is an appendix of Sainsburys group profit and loss account to show how much the business has gained and lost through sales.

Grandmas Passing essays

Grandmas Passing essays Grandma was a frail older woman, in her early 70s, and of small stature. Her skin was of a light brown complexion, wrinkled and ashy. When I sat on her knee, her brittle hands would always gently wrap around my waist. I would kiss her on her cheek, which was always cold for some reason. Grandma always wore dark blue dresses that came down to her ankles and an old pair of black dress shoes everywhere. You know, the ones with no heels that appear as if they are slippers. She was old fashioned, and didnt hesitate to instruct my dad to switch me if I stepped out of line. Grandma was soft-spoken, but firm; I never back-talked her for fear of the painful consequences my dad would inflict on my legs. I remember one time I had acted up; oh I paid for that one. It had just rained, saturating the earth in the back yard beyond capacity. Mud puddles were everywhere; they were enormous filled with dirty grimy water. These mud puddles were everything a kid could dream of; they were irresistible. My cousins and I jumped, stomped, splashed, and rolled in the mud puddles; we had a great time. My grandma had told us kids not to track mud through the house, but I was having too much fun with my cousins to take her seriously. We were chasing each other, and I ran into the house with the mud still caked all over my body. My grandma caught a glimpse of me dashing through the living room when she bellowed for my father. Grandma told him that she had warned me to not track mud through the house, but I had done it anyway. My father came, took one look at the carpet, and instructed me to retrieve the switch. I did as ordered, and subsequently was beaten for my insolence. I had red whelps all over my legs; I never tracked mud through the house again. Mother summoned for Janelle and I to come to her room; from the sound of her voice, we felt she was distressed about something. As we entered her bedroom, we discovered she ...

Pronouncing Words That End in -lm

Pronouncing Words That End in -lm Pronouncing Words That End in -lm Pronouncing Words That End in -lm By Maeve Maddox Not many one-syllable English words end in the letters -lm. Sometimes the l in them is pronounced; sometimes it isnt. Heres a list of the most common -lm words, together with the pronunciation in the phonetic notation given at Answers.com. Many Americans pronounce all of these words with an l. alms [mz] balm [bm] calm [km] elm [Ä•lm] embalm[Ä•m-bm] film [fÄ ­lm] helm [hÄ•lm] palm [pm] psalm [sm] qualm [kwm] realm [rÄ•lm] whelm [hwÄ•lm] These pronunciations all agree with those given in the OED. Additionally, the OED acknowledges U.S. pronunciations with the sound of l for palm, psalm, and qualm. Merriam-Webster uses the symbol ] to indicate a sound that facilitates the placement of variant pronunciation. For example, ï ¿ ¼]mz. This symbol, which seems to indicate an almost l, is used for the first pronunciation given for alms, balm, calm, embalm, palm, psalm, and qualm. The pronunciation with a full l sound is given as an alternate: also ]lm. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?How Long Should a Paragraph Be?When to use "an"

Using the Plan & Process for Competitive Positioning Essay

Using the Plan & Process for Competitive Positioning - Essay Example The first pitfall involves an ineffective participative structure. Many HCOs make an inclusion of all the people in the organization during the implementation of a strategic plan. However, the top management does not really incorporate the views of other staff members. Therefore, they only have the other staff members physically, but there is a limitation in their participation. In other words, the HCOs do not consider an open communication during the implementation process. In addition, the other staff members feel they are left out in the decision making process and subsequently become discouraged in strategic planning implementation. In addition, the second pitfall is the achievement of a casual consensus rather than a real consensus. A consensus is an agreement reached after the consideration of various conflicting and attaining a compromise. Most HCOs achieve a casual consensus, meaning that after a successful agreement in the setting of goals and objectives, the top management usually implements their own objectives. This makes other employees feel neglected because after all their opinion does not count. The habit of a casual consensus affects most HCOs and has become a culture. The culture does no justice to the implementation of strategic plans; rather they slow the transition process. The first pitfall could be addressed using various techniques. The management of the HCOs could organize various groups of the employees and assign them different roles. This makes every group accountable for their responsibilities and every member must participate in the implementation of strategic planning (Moseley, 2009). The management could also appoint supervisors to monitor and give advice to the groups in the process of implementing the strategic plans. However, the management needs to define clearly the role of such individuals, failure to which

Product Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Product Evaluation - Essay Example good thing about this product is its added features and benefits such as affordability above all, while ensuring quality, availability of spare parts, customer support and more added values. Starting with affordability, other brands such as those from Apple Incorporated, Sony, Acer and others are becoming expensive because of the higher rating they obtained from customers and third parties. In general this is the bottom line of highly influential marketing activity, which is an integral part of creating significant needs for certain product or service offerings – the essence of advertising or promotion (Boone and Kurtz 482). Once these needs are created, it would now become easy to take control of the price on the part of the producers or manufacturers because of their higher or strong market power (Porter 4). This is evident in the case of Apple brands and others which substantially take hold at the top of the competition even though their prices are relatively higher. The case of Dell is different because it tries to create its market share by ensuring affordability while maintaining high value for customer support and availability of spare parts, which would result further to opportunity for long-term usage (Dell Official Site). All of these based on experience could be justifiable and are substantially met by Dell as it continues to cater price-conscious customers who also want to get something more at remarkably cheaper price. Dell is a good brand of choice among customers who are substantially looking forward to cheaper price but would also want to get something more. This is the area where Dell is making out the most of its market opportunity. It continuously seek to cater market segments where the basic criteria they considered is affordability at high level of functionality and including value-added features such as quality, availability of spare parts, and reliable customer support. In other words, Dell has what it takes to have something more

Religious Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Religious Discrimination Essay Religious discrimination under Title VII as defined by the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) involves treating a person unfavorably because of his or her religious beliefs. The law protects not only people who belong to traditional, organized religions but also others who have sincerely held religious, ethical or moral beliefs. The law forbids discrimination on the basis of religion in any and all aspects of employment. This includes hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, and benefits. Title VII also prohibits workplace segregation based on religion, such as assigning an employee to a non-customer contact position because of actual or presumed customer preference. Title VII also addresses reasonable accommodation in relation to religion. The law requires that the employer must reasonably accommodate an employee’s religious beliefs or practices, unless doing so would cause more than a minimal burden on the employers business. For example, if an employee needs to be off work on Sunday mornings to regularly attend church services it would be the responsibility of the employer to reasonably attempt to accommodate this need. An accommodation for this could include paying another employee to cover the Sunday morning shift, even if it requires paying overtime. Or the employer could hire an additional employee to be able to cover the shift. Since Title 7 of the United States Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 there have been several judicial decisions that have molded the way this law in interpreted and applied. The first such court case that I came across was the case of Welsh V. United States which brought into question what types of beliefs can be used to obtain conscientious objector status when being selected to go to war. In this case the prosecutor was convicted of refusing to accept induction into the armed forces; he did claim conscientious objector status but did not base this decision off religion. He did not claim to believe in a deity that would morally keep him from fighting in a war, he instead asserted his own personal moral opposition to any conflict in which people are being killed. He alleged that the sincerity of his belief should qualify him for exemption from military duty under the Universal Military Training and Service Act. The Act allowed only those people whose opposition to the war was based on religious beliefs to be declared conscientious objectors. However in a 5-3 decision the court allowed Welsh to be declared a conscientious objector even though his opposition was not based on religious convictions. The implication this case has on Human Resources Management is that HR personnel must be aware of the broad scope of beliefs that will be protected under Title 7. Whereas before this case only majorly defined religions such as Judaism and Catholicism would be protected you now see religions such as scientology seeking protection under the law. Another relevant case would be Seshadri v. Kasraian which established that an employee bringing a religious discrimination claim does not need to belong to an established church. Another case that has shaped this law and impacted human resource management was Campos v. City of Blue Springs. In April 1996 Campos was hired as a crisis counselor for the Blue Springs Police Department’s Youth Outreach Program (YOU). At the time she did not have the advanced degree as required by the written job description, but her supervisor told her that she would have until February 1997 to obtain her degree and guarantee her position. She was also guaranteed via verbal contract that she would be paid an extra $10,000 per year for support group work, she would be a team leader within three months, and she would be an assistant director within six months of starting her full-time employment. She began working in October 1996, enjoying her job until she disclosed to her supervisor that she observes tenets of Native American Spirituality, not Christianity. Campos claimed that immediately her supervisor’s behavior towards her changed; she was unfriendly and critical, excluded her from employee meetings, and told her that she may not have been a good fit for the job. After failing to show up to work due to attending a mandatory meeting to obtain her dissertation, which was required by her employer, Campos received so much scrutiny from her supervisor that she resigned. After her resignation, Campos filed suit against the City, alleging that she suffered from employment discrimination based upon her religion, sex, and national origin. The charges of sex and national origin discrimination were eliminated, and the case was submitted to the jury on the theory that Campos was constructively discharged because of her religion. On April 13, 2001, the jury awarded Campos $79,200 for back pay and compensatory damages. The district court denied the Citys Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law, or in the Alternative, for a New Trial, and awarded Camposs attorneys 90,556. 20 in fees and $11,825. 41 in expenses. This case has implications on Human Resources Management today because it establishes that employment decisions cannot be made based on whether or not an employee or potential employee agrees or disagrees with the employers religious views. One relevant business that comes to mind is Chik Fil A and their openly Christian beliefs. Even though they include Christian values in the core content of their mission statement and business plan they know that they cannot make any employment decisions based on religious affiliation. In Eatman V.  United Parcel Service in 2002 the company’s policy of requiring its drivers that had unconventional hairstyles to wear hats was called into question. The plaintiff was required by the company to wear a hat while on the clock because his hairstyle of choice was dreadlocks, a hairstyle where sections of hair are hand-rolled together in tight, interwoven spirals. After putting a lot of thought into the decision, Eatman, who is black, began wearing locks in February 1995 as an outward expression of an internal commitment to his Protestant faith as well as his Nubian belief system. At this same time he also became enlightened about locked hair and its connection to African identity and heritage. The position that his supervisor at UPS took on his hair was that the company uses common sense to determine which hairstyles are not businesslike; he finds ponytails, Mohawks, green hair, carved shapes, and locked hair—short or long—unacceptable. And there were currently 19 other drivers at this particular UPS that were required to wear hats to cover their unconventional hairstyles, including others that had dreadlocks. Even though Eatman claimed that the policy was discriminatory the jury did not rule in his favor. It was ruled that Eatman’s hairstyle was dictated by a personal choice. Nowhere in his religious texts did it dictate in any way that followers of the faith must wear their hair uncovered in dreadlocks. The implications of this case are actually pro employer and pro Human Resource Manager. It shows that not every claim that an employee makes based off of religious need has to be immediately catered to. There are cases where the request can be frivolous and off topic of religion, in which case the employer does not need to go out of their way to make accommodations. Another very interesting court case that I came across was EEOC v. Union Independiete De La Autoridad De Acueductos y Alcantarillados De Puerto Rico. I found this case to be very interesting because it stipulates that employees cannot pick and choose which parts of their religion they wish to follow and which ones they do not. In this case the issue was whether or not a Seventh day Adventist’s objection to union membership was the product of a sincerely held belief. Although the religious foundation of the Seventh day Adventist faith’s opposition to union membership has long been recognized, there was evidence that this employee often acted in a manner inconsistent with his professed religious beliefs. He was divorced, took an oath before a notary upon becoming a public employee, worked five days a week (instead of the six days required by his faith), and there was some evidence that the alleged conflict between his beliefs and union membership was a moving target. This case seemed important because is forces the employee to prove that religion is vital part of their life. It keeps them from claiming that they are Christian for the sole purpose of being off on Christmas, or from claiming that they are Catholic only to be off on Easter. It not only keeps people from faking being religious but it also helps to ensure the sanctity of those who actually are as religious as they claim to be. And the final court case that I found addresses sincerely held beliefs that have not always been there but can conceivably come about. In the case of E. E. O. C. v. Ilona of Hungary, Inc. an employee sincerely believed that she should refrain from working on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur even though she had not frequently celebrated Jewish holidays in the past. Her rise in faith was brought on by recent family events such as the passing of her mother-in-law and father, the birth of her son, and her husband’s rising faith. The court decided that these were significant enough to have caused a change in lifestyle and that she did believably have a real change of faith. After reviewing all of the cases mentioned above, along with numerous others, I have found that the topic of religion isn’t nearly as â€Å"black and white† as most would assume. There are many grey areas: What constitutes religion, how do you know if someone legitimately believes in their religion, and what aspects of someone’s lifestyle are pertinent to their claimed religion are just a few examples of where courts have to make a decision that will affect the way this topic is viewed for years to come. With the world become more and more diversified every day the topic of religion and all others under title 7 will continue to be tested and pushed to their limits. It is the job of the Human Resources Management team to be on high alert of potential discrimination cases and have all employees properly trained on these matters to ensure it does not happen at their company.

Aging Nurse workforce Essay -- Employment, Nursing Worforce, Retiremen

A variety of conceptual frameworks were used to research the aging nursing workforce. The theoretical model of Organizational and Personal Factors and Outcomes, developed by Schaefer and Moos (1991), was one context used during this review of literature. This framework suggests that the personal system as well as work stressors affect the association between the organizational system and work morale and performance (Atencio, Cohen, & Gorenberg, 2003). This model suggests that the individual system as well as work stressors influence the relationship involving the organizational scheme and work morale and performance. Occupation stressors combined with organizational and individual system factors induce coping responses and the result of retaining the older nurse (Schaefer & Moos, 1991). Another theoretical model used was the Conceptual Model of Intent to Stay by Boyle et al. (1999). This model describes four variables that shape a nurse’s plan to stay in employment. These variables consist of leadership characteristics, nurse characteristics, system characteristics, and work characteristics. The primary concentration for this model was to research the influence that leadership uniqueness has on a nurse’s intention to stay employed versus retiring. The outcomes showed that control over nursing practice, situational stress, and the manager characteristics had implicit effects on older nurse intention to remain employed (Cranley & Tourangeau, 2005). Karasek and Theorell’s Demand-Control Model (1990) was an additional conceptual framework noted in the review of literature on the ageing nursing workforce. This representation implies that intense job strain and decision-making opportunity contributes to work tension and lead... ...parture from the nursing profession or retirement from the line of work. Several key elements have been established throughout the research that lead to theses nurses feeling the need to retire and include: burnout, physical demands, mental health, linkage to the organization, hours worked, organizational culture, work intensity, and fiscal requirements. Organizations are beginning to establish evidence-based strategies in an effort to retain older registered nurses. Human resources are beginning to formulate policies and procedures to meet the needs of these aging nurses, which focus on their safety, stress levels, preferred work setting, schedule, and job satisfaction. The ability to delay retirement of these nurses or creating career paths that help facilitate a transition to a different work setting could help ease the shortage of nurses in the next decade.

A Blind Man Leads the Way

A Blind Man Leads the Way â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver, describes a couple who is awaiting the arrival of the wife’s blind friend, Robert. The husband is not too fond of a blind man staying in their house and is judgmental about meeting him. It’s not until the family sits down to watch t. v. that the husband gains respect for Robert. A show about cathedrals comes on, and Robert asks him to describe them to him. When Robert and the husband draw the cathedral together with their eyes closed, the husband begins to see what he could not describe with his eyes open. Carver uses the cathedral in the story as a symbol of sight, insisting that the narrator was blinded by prejudice before he met Robert and also as a symbol of teaching, Robert acting as a preacher in a church. The husband is very judgmental and negative toward blind people. He states, â€Å"My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing eye dogs† (526). The husband views all blind people as the same and gives them the same respect, which is none. He brings them down to make himself feel better. Carver’s figures close themselves off from their worlds, walling out the threatening forces in their lives even as they wall themselves in and retreat destructively into the claustrophobic inner enclosures of self† (Davis). When the narrator meets Robert and they all sit down for dinner, his opinion about Robert begins to change. He says, â€Å"The blind man had right away located his fo ods, he knew just where everything was on his plate† (531). The husband was in shock that Robert did not need someone to cut up his food and help him eat his meals. He begins to see and appreciate Robert as a person and not just as a blind man. His sight is in full affect when he begins describing the cathedral from the t. v. show. The narrator could see the cathedral, but he could not quite describe what he saw. He and the blind man began to draw the cathedral, and for once the narrator felt like he was the blind and that the blind man was the one who could see. The husband states, â€Å"It’s really something† (537). This is when he can fully see the picture not only of the cathedral, but also the understanding that even the blind can see and understand things with their eyes closed. The narrator comes to understand Robert and learns a lot from him. Robert helps him to open his eyes and become less judgmental of the blind. The husband learns from Robert that you can’t judge a book by its cover, and that sometimes it’s the important things in life that you can’t see that really matter. Cathedrals are holy structures that people go to and receive an understanding of a higher power. In this story Robert is represented by the cathedral being the teacher, and the seeker is the husband. Robert is the one who gives the understanding of what it is like to be blind. Robert teaches the husband along the way by his actions and shows him that being blind is not a disability, but sometimes even a gift. Robert insists they draw a cathedral together and as the husband draws, Robert guides him through the process. Robert states, â€Å"That’s right. That’s good,† he said. â€Å"Sure. You got it bub, I can tell. You didn’t think you could but you can, can’t you† (536)? Robert is guiding the narrator through the process, just as a preacher would guide his church through a service. Robert is guiding the husband step by step, making sure he is getting an understanding of the Cathedral. In the beginning, the narrator was less passionate about Cathedrals, but through Robert’s eyes, he grew found of them. The narrator states, â€Å"The truth is, cathedrals don’t mean anything special to me. Nothing. Cathedrals. They’re something to look at on late-night TV† (535). The narrator viewed cathedrals differently by the end, and they made him feel something he had never felt before. The narrator states, â€Å"My eyes were still closed. I was in my house. I knew that. But I didn’t feel like I was inside anything† (536). At this point the narrator feels outside of everything at the moment and spiritually feels like he is part of something greater. â€Å"As a symbol represents a kind of common humanity and benevolence, and of human patience and fortitude, in the process of â€Å"a-spiring. † Curiously enough it is within the walls of the cathedral that the narrator ultimately ends up† (Nesset). Robert showed the narrator that there is a higher power out there. He did not want to pester the husband by talking to him about religion so he showed him through drawing the cathedral. The narrator felt like he was outside of his own body and felt like he was part of something higher. Robert taught the husband along the way showing him that seeing isn’t believing, but believing is seeing. By this point, the narrator witnessed himself opening up and becoming less judgmental of the situation. â€Å"Only in Cathedral does the reader witness the rare moments of their coming out, and process of opening up in closed-down lives that comes across in both the subjects and events of the stories†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nesset). Robert was a Christian man, and believes that he showed the narrator that there is a higher power out there, and helped the husband understand that through the cathedral. â€Å"The narrator of â€Å"Cathedral† communicated verbally and non-verbally with Robert, resulting a renewed sense of empathy and a remarkable, almost religious experience† (Champion). The narrator did experience a religious experience through the cathedral, and it made him feel like he was not himself. Through the cathedral, the husband is a changed man. Robert shows and guides him along the way, teaching him that seeing is not everything and that even someone blind can help you to see and understand things you never thought you could describe. In the beginning the husband was very judgmental of Robert and did not want him in his home, and by the end he felt like his life had been missing something and that was the guidance of the cathedral. The sight he encountered as he sat there with Robert and drew the cathedral was like something he had never seen before, and could only be seen with his eyes closed.

Bias Towards Fathers in Children Custody Decisions Essay

Deciding over children custody has always been a divisive, if not an emotionally laden issue. In most cases however, it is not surprising to see that most court decisions tend to award custody disputes in favor of mothers. At first glance, it may seem that court judges see mothers as naturally better parents. And there are not without good reasons to think why this is so. Mothers, by right of mere logic, are the ones who bring children into the world, and are therefore responsible for carrying and birthing them; so it immediately seems that they will naturally do more for children throughout their lives in order to help and care for them, inasmuch as they have already done much of this work months before children even enter the world. But while these reasons are already in themselves truthful, and are thus often taken by judicial courts as sound premises to support custody decisions in favor of mothers, it cannot be denied that there are certain biases towards fathers that are committed in the process. In many court decisions, it seems axiomatic to say that male persons – fathers, that is – are not being given the same amount of esteem and recognition being accorded to female mothers. This paper thus argues that there is an existing bias towards fathers in the court system that determines custody cases. And while there are many observations to support such a claim, it may be good to cite at least three. Bias Towards Fathers in Children Custody Decisions First, it is quite logical to surmise that the general perception about fathers – and the gender role stereotypes that come with such perception – contributes a lot to why mothers are frequently awarded with children’s custody in many court proceedings, specifically during divorce hearings. Men are not now nor have ever been consistently viewed as suitable caregivers. At the very least, they seem not be as nurturing as mothers. Their sole responsibility is to be destined, it seems, to provide for their family, and not to specifically nurture children. Thus, children and their mothers will always have a stronger attachment because mothers spend much more time caring for the children, whereas the father figure is more often seen to be better suited to be a hardworking, confident, and always providing role model. Besides, it has been argued that, on account of their being relatively unattached both physically and emotionally, divorced fathers â€Å"are more likely to be remarried† than their female counterparts (Ambert, 2005). Second, statistical records point to an indisputable fact that decisions favoring maternal custody of children reveal a lopsided trend. According to a report by the Canadian Department of Justice, 75% of divorce cases finalized by a contested hearing resulted in sole maternal custody and only 8% in sole paternal custody (Pulkingham, 1994). Meanwhile, in a more recent finding, it was observed that in both the United States and Canada, mothers were more likely to be awarded with children’s â€Å"physical custody† over fathers. It was moreover said that only 10-12% of children were ordered to live with their fathers; a trend which has been observed for many years now (Ambert, 2005). Present trends seem to always favor mothers. In fact, Maccoby, Depner and Mnookin affirm that while practical norms suggest that fathers must â€Å"remain involved† with children after divorce, many parents are â€Å"not rejecting the idea that children, particularly very young ones, should have their major residence with their mothers† (cited in Hetherington and Arasteh, ed, 1998, p. 112). Third, legal stipulations governing custody disputes also favor mothers more than fathers on account of certain stereotypes as well. One must note that the judicial system was in principle established to look out for the best interests of the innocent as well as those who are unable to secure basic protection of rights for themselves. Who is thus more in need of a judge’s guidance and assistance than the innocent and naive fully dependent beings as children? While men are not to be totally recognized as selfish beings, there are real problems surrounding their reputation. And it seems that their disgraceful track record pointing to how violent can male persons can become compared to female counterparts – at homes and the larger communities alike – is becoming more and more patent. In fact, â€Å"according to the Vancouver Police Department, of the 135 cases of violence and/or intimidation in intimate relations reported to the VPD in the month of July 1996, 88 percent of the suspects were male, and only 12 percent were female† (Richard, 1996). In marriages and relationships alike, it seems that sooner or later, men are far more likely than women to get violent or at least get verbally aggressive and threatening with their partners and spouses. These phenomena surely influence, one way or another, the creation of significant paternal restrictions in dealing with custody disputes. By Way of Conclusion: How Custody Cases Should Be Decided Drawing from the points that the discussions were able to present, this paper concludes with the thought that paternal custody for children evidently suffers from misjudged perspectives involving restrictive gender roles and stereotypes. The factors that were cited all seem to point to this long-known trend. The numbers have been, and I believe will always be in the favour of women – that women out of personal want or societal onus will always feel the urge to be more of the parent and provider for their children. But custody cases should be decided not on account of existing gender role assignment or biased stereotypes against the male gender. On the contrary, custody disputes must be decided upon without any compromise to the equal footing each parent – whether male or female – must be accorded in the process. Both parents must be accorded with equal time for visitation, residence and financial support; inasmuch as both parents are responsible for the well being of their children despite the failure in marital union. Works Cited Ambert, A. (2005). Divorce: Facts, Causes and Consequences. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http://www. vifamily. ca/library/cft/divorce_05. html#Custody Maccoby, E. , Depner, C. , and Mnookin, R. â€Å"Custody of Children Following Divorce† in Mavis Hetherington and Josephine Arasteh, editors. (1988) Impact of Divorce, Single Parenting and Stepparenting on Children. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pulkingham, J. (1994) â€Å"Contested Custody Claims in Canada†. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 9, 73-97. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http://fathersforlife. org/millar/custody. htm. Richard, C. (1996). â€Å"Vancouver Police Department, ‘Violence and Intimidation Against Women in Relationships: January to July 1996’† as compiled by Margaret Denike & Agnes Huang (1998). Myths and Realities of Custody and Access. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http://www. harbour. sfu. ca/freda/reports/myths. htm.

Free Essays on Kant

Propositions, according to Kant, can also be divided into two other types: empirical and a priori. Empirical propositions depend entirely on sense perception, but a priori propositions have a fundamental validity and are not based on such perception. The difference between these two types of proposition may be illustrated by the empirical â€Å"The house is black† and the a priori â€Å"Two plus two makes four.† Kant's thesis in the Critique is that it is possible to make synthetic a priori judgments. This philosophical position is usually known as transcendentalism. In describing how this type of judgment is possible Kant regarded the objects of the material world as fundamentally unknowable; from the point of view of reason, they serve merely as the raw material from which sensations are formed. Objects of themselves have no existence, and space and time exist only as part of the mind, as â€Å"intuitions† by which perceptions are measured and judged. In addition to these intuitions, Kant stated that a number of a priori concepts, which he called categories, also exist. He divided the categories into four groups: those concerning quantity, which are unity, plurality, and totality; those concerning quality, which are reality, negation, and limitation; those concerning relation, which are substance-and-accident, cause-and-effect, and reciprocity; and those concerning modality, which are possibility, existence, and necessity. The intuitions and the categories can be applied to make judgments about experiences and perceptions, but cannot, according to Kant, be applied to abstract ideas such as freedom and existence without leading to inconsistencies in the form of pairs of contradictory propositions, or â€Å"antinomies,† in which both members of each pair can be proved true. In the Metaphysics of Ethics (1797) Kant described his ethical system, which is based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. Actions of a... Free Essays on Kant Free Essays on Kant Kant objects most of all to the principle that one's own happiness can be the ground of morality. He rejects this possibility because well-being is not always proportionate to virtuous behaviour. "It is a very difficult thing to make a man happy from making him good. Most significantly, Kant renounces happiness as the principle of morality because it obliterates the specific difference between virtue and vices. He argues that Aristotle's precepts of morality can only contain the potential of learning to better calculate these differences. In order to understand how it is possible and necessary to separate virtues and vices categorically, we must show how Kant develops his argument that one must subject oneself to a moral law. Kant argues that Aristotle's doctrine of the mean conflates virtues and vices and hence can provide no practical guide to moral behavior. For Kant, all that Aristotle's doctrine can account for is a worth that is relative to the unique constitution of the observer. Finally, Kant argues that Aristotle's is an example of how the dialectic of reason operates.For Kant, the concept of happiness cannot analytically contain that of the supreme good. Kant's ethical theory, like Aristotle's, begins with an exposition of the properties which a moral agent must posses in order to acquire and exhibit goodness. Aristotle and Kant agree that the ergon of a human being is reason. Kant contrasts persons with things, the difference being that rational beings are designated as persons because their nature indicate that they are ends in themselves. For Kant and Aristotle, the moral agent subordinates inclinations and desires to reason. By analogy, if happiness was the true end of a human then nature would admit of an inconsistency. Happiness could be better attained by instinct than by the weak insight of reason. "Nature would have hit upon a very poor arrangement in appointing the reason of the creature to the executor of this... Free Essays on Kant Galileo's Condemnation As anyone person reads the files from the condemnation of Galileo Galilei they are immediately flabbergasted by the continuity of the church’s corrupted files. Galileo was very different than men in his time; he looked further than the bible. Science has a legitimate of freedom in its own sphere†¦Galileo’s freedom was violated. Even though church was very powerful during Galileo’s life it overused its power to protect its own security. Galileo showed similarities in knowledge compared with the great Roman and Greek philosophers. This had not been apparent for thousands of years throughout the Dark Ages. During the time when Galileo was involved in his studies Galileo visited Rome and the Pope on many occasions. The long hike from his town would often take weeks and would keep him away from his experiments and studies. In 1633 Galileo was finally tried, and found guilty for heresy. Galileo was sentenced to be put under house arrest for the rest of his life after being forced to publicly admit he had made a mistake towards his theories and observations. Galileo feared torture and even the death sentence throughout the whole injunction. As he left the courtroom Galileo spoke: â€Å"And yet it moves.† He couldn’t have put it better. These were his last publicized words. Before Galileo’s trail there were many â€Å"loop-holes† in the church’s case against Galileo. On February 26 1616 Galileo was given a friendly warning stating nothing to do about the injunction or for him to suspend his teachings. Cardinal Bellarmine assured Galileo in writing that he wouldn’t have to stop teaching, and that there was no injunction. The church said that they did tell Galileo to stop his teaching officially but Galileo, a notary or the Dominican fathers never signed the final document. Therefore the document was fraudulent. After this private audience was recorded and then published the report said nothing of t... Free Essays on Kant Propositions, according to Kant, can also be divided into two other types: empirical and a priori. Empirical propositions depend entirely on sense perception, but a priori propositions have a fundamental validity and are not based on such perception. The difference between these two types of proposition may be illustrated by the empirical â€Å"The house is black† and the a priori â€Å"Two plus two makes four.† Kant's thesis in the Critique is that it is possible to make synthetic a priori judgments. This philosophical position is usually known as transcendentalism. In describing how this type of judgment is possible Kant regarded the objects of the material world as fundamentally unknowable; from the point of view of reason, they serve merely as the raw material from which sensations are formed. Objects of themselves have no existence, and space and time exist only as part of the mind, as â€Å"intuitions† by which perceptions are measured and judged. In addition to these intuitions, Kant stated that a number of a priori concepts, which he called categories, also exist. He divided the categories into four groups: those concerning quantity, which are unity, plurality, and totality; those concerning quality, which are reality, negation, and limitation; those concerning relation, which are substance-and-accident, cause-and-effect, and reciprocity; and those concerning modality, which are possibility, existence, and necessity. The intuitions and the categories can be applied to make judgments about experiences and perceptions, but cannot, according to Kant, be applied to abstract ideas such as freedom and existence without leading to inconsistencies in the form of pairs of contradictory propositions, or â€Å"antinomies,† in which both members of each pair can be proved true. In the Metaphysics of Ethics (1797) Kant described his ethical system, which is based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. Actions of a...

Basic Facts about U.S. Territories

Basic Facts about U.S. Territories The United States is the worlds third largest country based on population and land area. It is divided into 50 states but also claims 14 territories around the world. The definition of a territory as it applies to those claimed by the United States are lands that are administered by the United States but are not officially claimed by any of the 50 states or any other world nation. Typically, most of these territories depend on the United States for defense, economic and social support. The following is an alphabetical list of the territories of the United States. For reference, their land area and population (where applicable) have also been included. American Samoa Total Area: 77 square miles (199 sq km) Population: 55,519 (2010 estimate) American Samoa is made up of five islands and two  coral atolls, and is  part of the Samoan Islands chain in the south Pacific Ocean. The  1899 Tripartite Convention divided the Samoan Islands into two parts, between the US. and Germany, after more than a century of battles among the French, English, German and Americans to claim the islands, during with the Samoans fought fiercely. The U.S. occupied its part of Samoa in 1900 and on  July 17, 1911, the US Naval Station Tutuila  was officially renamed American Samoa. Baker Island Total Area: 0.63 square miles (1.64 sq km) Population: Uninhabited Baker Island an atoll just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean about 1,920 miles southwest of Honolulu. It became an American territory in 1857. Americans tried to inhabit the island in the 1930s, but when Japan became active in the Pacific during World War II, they were evacuated. The island is named for Michael Baker, who visited the island several times before claiming it in 1855. It was classified as part of Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge in 1974. Guam Total Area: 212 square miles (549 sq km) Population: 175,877 (2008 estimate) Located in the western Pacific Ocean  in the Mariana Islands, Guam became a U.S. possession in 1898, following the Spanish-American War. Its believed that the indigenous people of Guam, the Chamorros, settled on the island roughly 4,000 years ago. The first European to discover Guam was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. The Japanese occupied Guam in 1941, three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.  American forces liberated the island on July 21, 1944, which is still commemorated as Liberation Day. Howland Island Total Area: 0.69 square miles (1.8 sq km) Population: Uninhabited Located near Baker Island in the central Pacific, Howland Island comprises the  Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge and is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Its part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. The U.S. took possession in 1856. Howland Island was the destination aviator Amelia Earhart was headed for when her plane disappeared in 1937.   Jarvis Island Total Area: 1.74 square miles (4.5 sq km) Population: Uninhabited This uninhabited atoll is in the south Pacific Ocean halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands. It was annexed by the U.S. in 1858, and is administered by  the Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system.   Kingman Reef Total Area: 0.01 square miles (0.03 sq km) Population: Uninhabited Although it was discovered a few hundred years earlier, Kingman Reef was incorporated by the U.S. in 1922. Its incapable of sustaining plant life, and is considered a maritime hazard, but its location in the Pacific Ocean had strategic value during World War II. Its administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as the  Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. Midway Islands Total Area: 2.4 square miles (6.2 sq km) Population: There are no permanent inhabitants on the islands but caretakers periodically live on the islands. Midway is nearly at the halfway point between North America and Asia, hence its name. Its the only island in the Hawaiian archipelago which is not part of Hawaii. Its administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. formally took possession of Midway in 1856.   The Battle of Midway was one of the most important between the Japanese and the U.S. in World War II. In May 1942, the Japanese planned an invasion of Midway Island which would provide a base for attacking Hawaii. But the Americans intercepted and decrypted the Japanese radio transmissions.  On June 4, 1942, U.S. aircraft flying from USS Enterprise, USS Hornet, and USS Yorktown attacked and sunk four Japanese carriers, forcing the Japanese to withdraw. The Battle of Midway marked the turning point of World War II in the Pacific. Navassa Island Total Area: 2 square miles (5.2 sq km) Population: Uninhabited   Located in the Caribbean 35 miles west of Haiti, Navassa Island is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. claimed possession of Navassa in 1850, although Haiti has disputed this claim. A group of Christopher Columbus crewmen happened on the island in 1504 on their way from Jamaica to Hispanola, but discovered Navassa had no fresh water sources. Northern Mariana Islands Total Area: 184 square miles (477 sq km) Population: 52,344  (2015 estimate) Officially known as the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, this string of 14 islands is in the Micronesia collection of islands in the Pacific Ocean, between Palau, the Philippines and Japan.   The Northern Mariana Islands have a tropical climate, with December through May as the dry season, and July to October the monsoon season. The largest island in the territory, Saipan, is in the Guinness Book of Records for having the worlds most equable temperature, at 80 degrees year round. The Japanese had possession of the Northern Marianas until the U.S. invasion in 1944.   Palmyra Atoll Total Area: 1.56 square miles (4 sq km) Population: Uninhabited Palmyra is an incorporated territory of the U.S., subject to all provisions of the Constitution, but its also an unorganized territory, so theres no Act of Congress on how Palmyra should be governed. Located halfway between Guam and Hawaii, Palmyra has no permanent residents, and is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Puerto Rico Total Area: 3,151 square miles (8,959 sq km) Population: 3, 474,000  (2015 estimate) Puerto Rico is the easternmost island of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, about 1,000  miles southeast of Florida and just east of the Dominican Republic and west of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth, a territory of the U.S. but not a state. Puerto Rico seceded from Spain in  1898, and Puerto Ricans have been citizens of the United States since a law was passed in 1917. Even though they are citizens, Puerto Ricans pay no federal income tax and they can not vote for president. U.S. Virgin Islands Total Area: 136 square miles (349 sq km) Population: 106,405  (2010 estimate) The islands that make up the U.S. Virgin Islands archipelago in the Caribbean  are St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas, as well as other minor islands. The USVI became a U.S. territory in 1917, after the U.S. signed a treaty with Denmark. The territorys capital is Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas. The USVI elect a delegate to Congress, and while the delegate can vote in committee, he or she cant participate in floor votes. It has its own state legislator and elects a territorial governor every four years. Wake Islands Total Area: 2.51 square miles (6.5 sq km) Population: 94  (2015 estimate) Wake Island is a coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean 1,500 miles east of Guam, and 2,300 miles west of Hawaii. Its an unorganized, unincorporated territory is also claimed by the Marshall Islands. It was claimed by the U.S. in 1899, and is administered by the U.S. Air Force.

What Shapes External Competitiveness (Compensation Strategy) Essay

What Shapes External Competitiveness (Compensation Strategy) - Essay Example 2. The degree of competitiveness being intense, increases in product prices would correspond to lowering of revenues, if undertaken. Thus most judicious producers would adopt a wait-and -watch attitude rather than take up indiscreet steps of hiking prices to serve short-term monetary interests Finally, coming to organizational structure, it is believed that whether the business is labour or capital intensive, technology driven or market driven- all contribute towards the kind of wage or compensation strategy that would be enforced. As a usual practice, firms that are reputed, technology driven and well entrenched pay higher than start ups and growing business houses. In the sphere of external competitiveness, that is wage bargaining, there are several factors which make their mark. The â€Å"comparing of compensation rates of one organization with that of its competitors† is what determines compensation strategy. The relevant compensation strategy that needs to be pursued. It is believed that â€Å"the organization’s plan for how compensation decisions on the types and amount of pay are made, based on the interests of the employees and keeping with the organization’s mission and competitive position in the market.† (Compensation and internal & external equity, 2008, para.3). Besides this, the level at which compensation is payable to staff, executive or top management level is also important as is the kind of individual contributions made by employees at these levels. Quality and quantity of performance, work commitment, loyalty for the cause of the organization and the ability to work harmoniously in a Compensation and internal & external equity. (2008).One step Compensation Framework. Retrieved June 17, 2010, from

Costa Coffee and the Coffee Industry in the UK Assignment

Costa Coffee and the Coffee Industry in the UK - Assignment Example The coffee industry in the UK is going through a period of growth and change. While Starbucks is one of the most familiar names in the industry, it is not the biggest or the most successful because Costa Coffee performs better. On a global scale, coffee remains the most popular beverage with approximately two billion cups consumed daily. The U.K alone consumes around 70 million cups of coffee daily (British Coffee Association, 2015). In comparison with several other European nations, the United Kingdom still stands out as one of the few countries that have favored instant coffee at the expense of other fresh coffee beans or fresh ground coffee considered of better quality. Even though consumers remain devoted to their preferred brands, the most important thing is the taste and quality of the instant coffee. Placing premiums on coffees brands is currently motivating instant coffee customers to consider the quality of taste as their preference before buying. In the year 2014, the intro duction of private labels for premium coffee had a positive influence on the status of micro-ground coffee, with customers of low-priced options switching to this brand due to its improved quality (Ukers, 2012). Costa Coffee has taken over the UK coffee industry, and with their unchanging traditional method of roasting their coffee beans slowly, the Bruno & Sergio brothers have served their customers with authentic blends of six Arabica beans to one Robusta in more than five hundred coffee shops globally.

Future and Outlook on Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Future and Outlook on Hospitality Industry - Research Paper Example The author of the essay "Future and Outlook on Hospitality Industry" begins with that according to reports â€Å"Hotels 2020: Beyond segmentation†, customers would like to either have the biggest share of having the say or take full control over what services they expect to received and what they wish to pay for. Six hundred and ten tourists were surveyed as a section of the research and it shows that 92 % think that by the year 2020 hotel customers anticipate their stay to be adopted around a list of choices they create at the time of booking and before they set in. The survey looked at the way all the features of the hotel knowledge might be modified in the future. Things like letting the customers decide which communication method is preferable for them (media, email, phone text or mail), and having take charge of the kinds of communications sent to them, to give choices on their in-check process, in-room technology or pricing mold. The survey also shows that by 2020, over eighty percent of the clients will be able to decide on the size of the room they want to stay in, the bed size, business machines and other facilities for purposes of bookings and payments. The chief executive of Fast Future Research and the report writer pointed out that, the desire for hotel customers to have the say and control over their experience, is creating big changes. The study foresees appearance of â€Å"whole service model† that shifts away from the normal hotel packages to a service option menu, where clients choose their specific needs. The world has been hit by the present financial depression. With not much flexible income, the industries have been affected (Kraft & Mantrala 320). According to the experts, there is good news for the year 2011. The scenery is developing rapidly as new machinery increase the need for hotels to become more societal and viral in their advertising efforts. The demand from customers is causi ng hotels to make intensive efforts on being environmental friendly. Alternatively, there are other sections in the industry that you could go for as a customer. Cruise industry is one of them. It is one that I would advice you to pick, if you were not for the hotel or restaurant type of hospitality industry. Anyway, I will come to this segment later as I would like to outline a few pros and cons of the hotel industry to you (Kraft & Mantrala 96). Let us look at what the professionals of the industry and projecting on performance in 2011. The projections by Smith Travel Research (STR), and everything shows that there will be a drastic change in the improvement. The researchers trail supply, require data for the businesses, and offer expensive market share analysis for all main international hotel chain and brands. Over 5 million hotels rooms are represented by STR and they are known to be the world is leading sources of historical hotel presentation trends. Hotels in the US are expe cted to experience increase in three main performance measurements, which are: Occupancy: 1.8% increase to 58.5% Average Daily Rate (ADR): 4.2% increase to US$ 102.21. RevPAR: 6.1% increase to US$ 50.78 A small increase of (0.7%) in supply will be experienced in the industry while a 2.5% increase will occur generally in demand. This news will thrill the hotel owners since it will be a great relief for them and the hospitality professionals. The experts detected the increase in 2009, and have been seeing it improve in 2010. Which should go on in 2011 and 2012? Mark Lamnno, CEO of STR said the tough fundamentals that hotels went through in 2010 will end up in a faster turnaround than predicted, he also said that while this force ended up in quickly improving occupancies last year, we sought to find rebounding rates to help in RwvPar growth in 2011 and 2012. By the time we are in the middle of 2011, we may not have experienced fast and hastening room rates and by the time reach 2012, w e will now anticipate the growth of room rates to equal or exceed the boom years of 2006 and 2007. According to the findings, I have in this research, I feel

Grices Four Maxims

Grices Four Maxims Grice has proposed four maxims for conversation. Firstly, Grice proposes two maxims under the umbrella of quantity. Speakers have to make their contribution as informative as is required and should not make their contribution more informative than is required. These two maxims are clearly related to the amount of information given between the speakers in their conversation or communication. Grice indicates that the amount of information between the speakers is necessary to let the communication goes on. Speakers need to avoid superfluous information through communication. Clearly, these two maxims are implicitly related to each other. A simple example is A man stops his vehicle in the middle of the road to briefly ask you for directions. He may ask Where is the post office?, the listener may say Not far or Continue on, and make the second left up there. Youll see it (Jacob. 2001, 77). Clearly, the second response is more related to the maxim of quantity. Secondly, Grice posits maxim of quality which indicates that Try to make your contribution one that is true; but, this is separated into two specific maxims: 1. do not say what you believe to be false. 2. do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. (Grice 1989, 27). These two maxims seem quite distinct. The former requires speakers to always say true things rather false things while the second requires them to have some adequacy of their responses. For example, a speaker may ask Should I buy my son this new sports car?. Speaker B may respond I dont know if thats such a good idea, his car runs fine or Yeah that sounds like a good idea, his car breaks down all the time (Jacob. 2001, 77). Next Grice adds another maxim called maxim of relation. Grice refers to this maxim by simply saying that Be Relevant (Grice 1989, 27). With respect to this maxim, Grice believes that speakers should add relevant input to the conversation being done. For instance, a speaker may ask How are you doing in school?. Speaker B may reply What fine weather were having lately! Or Not so well, Im afraid. Id rather not discuss it (Jacob. 2001, 77). Unfortunately, this maxim has received considerable criticism. Searle, Wilson and Sperber have all rejected and criticized this maxim. Searle added that though it is initially intuitive, it is ultimately problematic (Searle 1992, 14). Lastly, Grice also posits a fourth maxim which indicates that speakers should avoid ambiguity and obscurity of expressions during their communication. They also have to be brief and orderly. A good example is Can you take out the trash? Sure, but we need to talk about how we are assigning the chores around here when I get back. (Jacob 2001, 77). Grice pointed out that maxims of manner may be insufficient and gave it little importance compared to the other maxims. Grice writes that It is obvious that observance of some of these maxims is a matter of less urgency than is the observance of others; a man who has expressed himself with undue prolixity would, in general, be open to milder comment than would a man who has said something he believes to be false (Grice 1989, 27). Critics have argued that maxim of ambiguity is the most important one compared to the other maxims because of its direct relation to what is called equivocation. Grice (1989) also suggests that there are other maxims such as social and moral. He also presents four ways in which speakers violate the four maxims. These ways are violation, opting out, a clash and flouting maxims. Guo (2006) presents a simple explanation of these four ways. The explanation comes in order. First, a speaker may opt out of observing the maxim due to his/her unwillingness to cooperate with another speaker in the way maxim requires. Second, a speaker does not observe the four maxims due to the difficulty of conciliating a maxim with another at the same time. Third, a speaker may also fail in observing the maxim because of his/her intention to force the hearer to look for the meaning which is distinct from the expressed meaning. Lastly, a speaker intentionally violates the cooperative principles which results in lying. In short, these four maxims have come as an assumption to effective communication among speakers; however, speakers may violate these maxims which results in ineffective communication as Grice and his proponents have suggested. It is said that following the four maxims leads to effective communication. Here, the relationship between the four maxims and communication is discussed. Schoolfield (2007) asserted that Communication is considered the basis of Gricean theory. It is also considered the point of conversation as clear communication can occur by means of a dialogue. Conversation is used to send information from one speaker to another. The efficiency of this sending is determined by communication. Moreover, the similarity between Grices four maxims and the communicative goal of conversation, they require the cooperative principle to lead to effective communication. When one approaches conversations in terms of communication, the four maxims must be mentioned. For instance, if a speaker does not give true information during his dialogue while his aim is communication, this seems that he does not act in a cooperatively. Schoolfield (2007) discussed the relationship between the four maxims and communicatio n. He points out the first maxim Make your contribution as informative as is required, is necessary in communication. Speakers provide an amount of information to communicate the intended idea while others provide insufficient information as a violation to the maxim so that they will not achieve the goal of communication. Thus, if the person has the goal of communication, he/she must include relevant facts related to the topic of the dialogue. As for Do not make your contribution more than is required,, Grice (1989) believes that it is not necessary in communication. Culturally, this is clear in English-speaking countries where people find it desirable not to give excessive information during communication, as Grice notes, a waste of time (Grice 1989, 26). Communication requires do not say what you believe to be false, as there will be a failure in communication if one is not honest in the information he/she states. Schoolfield (2007) this maxim is far necessary in cooperative infor mation communication so that the information must not express something false. In addition, Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence, is an acceptable rule for communicators. Therefore, Schoolfield (2007) argues that there must be at least some basic level of understanding as to what can count as evidence or they may be very serious breakdowns in communication. Relevance maxim is most desirable in communicative conversations because when we receive certain information, communication requires responses that are relevant to the information given; however, it is sometime irrelevant in achieving the goals of communication. (Hintikka 1986 argued that relevancy is important in cooperative and effective communication; however, many other have reduced the importance of relevance to efficiency. As to manner maxim, as Grice states, Avoid obscurity of expression, it is also necessary for effective communication since one must have clear and coherent communication. Schoolfield (2007 ) believes that if there is not some clarity in communication, then much confusion will arise or increase for the listeners. Likewise, avoid ambiguity will be necessary for cooperative communication (Grice 1989, 27). Schoolfield (2007) explained that ambiguity arises due to two interpretations that come from one statement. Thus, the avoidance of ambiguity, with regards to effective communication, must only be followed when it can occur. Next is, Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity), (Grice 1989, 27). Schoolfield (2007) believes that brevity is a cultural norm and helpful in communication. Thus, while a consideration for avoiding unnecessary prolixity is acceptable, any issue of brevity being required for cooperative communication will be only decided within a conventional framework. Lastly, Be orderly (Grice 1989, 27). Schoolfield (2007) indicated that this maxim is not necessary in effective communication. Instead, he has given much attention to the speed of giving information ra ther the orderliness of giving information. The Gricen theory is believed to be true not just for conversation, but also for written communication. Cooper (1982:112) maintained that this theory is also common in writing and what Grice says about conversation applies equally to all communication. In conclusion, through this brief discussion of the four maxims and their role in communication, I can say that some of Gricean maxims are not necessary in communication while others are. Gricen maxims play a crucial role in communication. However, his theory is always argued by many scholars and researchers. First, its not clear whether the maxims work in other languages and cultures as some cultures such as Malagasy follow completely different maxims in their communication. In their culture, speakers are not willing to share information. They tend to evade direct questions and reply incomplete answers. Second, they are not a complete listing of the rules we follow in conversation; for example, there are also rules about, say, politeness, which are not addressed in his maxims. Third, the Gricean Maxims, despite their wording, are only meant to describe the commonly accepted traits of successful cooperative communication.

My Mom the Powerhouse Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples

My Mom the Powerhouse One of the biggest influences in my life is my Mom. She is one of 10 children born to an Appalachian coal miner who could not read or write. Her family lived in the mountains of Kentucky in a little cottage that had no running water and no electricity. She read by kerosene lamp. As a child, she attended a one-room schoolhouse, which also had no electricity and no running water. There was one teacher for eight grades, and each row in the classroom was a grade. My mom says she liked listening to the lessons of the higher grades. There was a big, black potbellied stove in the middle of the room, between the fourth- and fifth-grade rows. My mom couldn't wait to get to the fourth grade so she could sit by the warm stove in the winter. She got her drinks of water from a big bucket in the back of the schoolroom. She would make a little cup by folding writing paper, and she would use a metal dipper to take water from the bucket and put it into the cup. She says the water tasted like the writing paper. At Christmas, my mom's family couldn't afford a tree o... ...She whispered softly, "I was 10." I try to fathom what it would be like if my mom had died when I was 10. I can't imagine, and I'm glad I haven't had to experience that. I must admit that my mom and I sometimes disagree because we're both so strong-willed. Actually, my father affectionately calls my mom "just plain stubborn." But now I realize that her will had to be powerful to pull her through tough times. I am thankful that she taught me to be determined and to focus on the positive. She says those two things can help everyone survive.

The Exploitation Of Natural Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the past decennary the important resurgence of trade good monetary values, the inflating monetary value of crude oil resources, and the turning political instability in many of the oil bring forthing parts of the universe, has led to a renewed involvement in the development of natural resources, with energy security at the head of many international political docket. The oil and gas industries are expected to stay the dominant fuel providers worldwide for the following 30 old ages, and presently supplies 62 per centum of the universes energy demand. This per centum is expected to increase to around 67 per centum by 2030, despite a move towards renewable resources, as the addition in demand continues to turn at gait [ Schriffin and Bisat 2004, pp 267 ] . Trans National Corporations ( TNCs ) are puting to a great extent in these energy industries, and there is great possible for developing states to capitalize on the new economic chances and development chances that oil and gas ge ographic expedition may convey. The increased export grosss and an gap to worldwide markets, every bit good as increased employment, instruction, and even the modernization of substructure can assist a state grow and expand and break free of a subsistence being. Despite these chances, these states must besides guarantee that they are besides progressively cognizant of the possible inauspicious effects associated with resource extraction [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 81 ] . The oil and gas sector is the prime capitalistic industry, and investing and policy determinations are perfectly important to guarantee that any development is good on all foreparts. This is critical in guaranting that the long term hereafter of the host nature is assured and unafraid, and that there are no long permanent negative effects [ Babusiaux 2007, pp 219 ] . TNC geographic expedition and development of oil and gas resources can hold positive effects, and any complete appraisal needs to take into h istory the possible deduction of affecting TNCs in the procedure across a broad scope of factors. Economic impacts: There are assorted economic impacts from TNC engagement in developing oil and gas militias in an developing state. In developing their ain natural resources, developing states can confront restraints with regard to things like capital and foreign exchange, proficient and managerial capablenesss, and entree to markets and distribution channels [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 129 ] . The engagement of TNCs can sometimes be a manner for developing states to get the better of these restraints. The other statement is that TNC engagement merely exacerbates these jobs. In seeking to efficaciously measuring these statements we need to thoroughly measure both direct and indirect economic factors that are produced as a consequence of TNC investings. Direct Economic Impacts: When TNCs invest in oil and gas development, they are puting in an industry that requires engagement throughout the supply concatenation. At a national degree constructing the foundations of a successful oil and gas industry can be one million millions and one million millions of dollars ( investing in local undertakings such as the Minera Escondida in Northern Chile totalled $ 4 billion between 1991 andn 2004, and Petrobras ‘ planned investings in seaward oil Fieldss in the Gulf of Mexico are expected to amount to $ 15 billion ) [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 131 ] . This degree of investing from TNCs can take to a direct injection of money into a national economic system ( which can besides be felt at local and regional degrees ) , and can hold a important and sometimes permanent consequence on the overall macroeconomic public presentation of a host state, every bit good as the more direct microeconomic benefits. TNC ‘s can assist make value in the host economic system straight through assorted equity or non-equity signifiers of engagement. One of the greatest direct economic impacts that a TNC can do to an underdevelopment nature, is to better the technological capablenesss of the host state. TNC engagement in oil and gas geographic expedition and development can assist to reassign engineering and heighten technological capablenesss. Underdeveloped states are technologically limited, and oil and gas geographic expedition is dependent on external entrepreneurial enterprises [ Ariweriokuma 2008, pp 1 ] . Many market progressives believe that investing in these industries from foreign TNCs is more likely to see the transportation of cleaner extraction and geographic expedition engineerings. They argue that even in the oil and gas industries TNCs are more likely than domestic houses to utilize more sustainable engineerings as they provide a competitory advantage in production – being by and large more efficient and bring forthing a higher choice end merchandise [ Clapp and Dauvergne 2008, pp 164 ] . The development of oil and gas industries can besides assist to excite employment in destitute parts. The job is that the part of the oil and gas industry to entire national employment is by and large really little. In Saudi Arabia, for illustration, less than 1.5 % of the on the job population are employed in the oil and gas industries, despite the fact that they account for 90 % of the state ‘s GDP [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 133 ] . Indirect Economic Impacts: Investing by TNCs in oil and gas development in can assist to excite economic growing via indirect spillovers such as substructure betterments, and the development of associated service industries. In the oil and gas industry, oilfield services now account for the majority of the entire cost of oil production. The size of oilfield services in Africa entirely has been estimated at about $ 30 billion a twelvemonth. This suggests a high potency for heightening the engagement of local contractors in the supply concatenation, and developing a web of concern and industrial growing, stimulated by the oil and gas industry [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 141 ] . In the oil and gas industry, TNCs have helped states such as Angola, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Ecuador, Indonesia, Kazakhstand increased production and exports over the long term. Oil and Gas Industry Supervision and Regulation Industrial Development The addition in services that energy provides is necessary for economic growing, improved life criterions, and to supply for increased human populations [ Congress of the United States Office of Technology Assessment 1991, pp 3 ] . Training and eduction Environmental Impact Oil and gas production carries with it the possible for lay waste toing environmental impacts, and the nature of this pollution and debasement can take many signifiers. Oil spills, damaged land, accident and fire and incidents of air and H2O pollution have all been recorded at assorted times and topographic points [ UNEP Technical Publication 1997, pp 3 ] . Offshore oil spills have huge potency for environmental impact, as shown by the Gulf Oil Spill in 2010, which was dispatching 5000 barrels of oil per twenty-four hours over a month after the initial fire, and devastated local wildlife and ecosystems. Equally good as these one-off environmental catastrophes, there is besides a duty, peculiarly for developing states, to turn to the cumulative effects of oil and gas development. Though a spillage from an single oiler may be considered little, and possibly inconsequential, a figure of spills accumulate to represent a menace to the environment [ Ariweriokuma 2008, pp 259 ] . On land, r un off from grapevines and Wellss can foul groundwater and surface H2O, there are associated hazards of exposure, and the pollutants can pollute local dirt and lay waste to local harvest supplies. There is a considerable sum of research demoing that the effects of oil on marine life from offshore geographic expedition and boring, or on leaks from damaged conveyance vass, can be lay waste toing, particularly in the short term. The oil itself can surface and pollute marine life, its toxic constituents can bioaccumulate up the nutrient concatenation, impacting animate beings, workss and even worlds via the ingestion of filter-feeders. Cleanup attempts can besides damage the environment when certain types of chemicals are used, or environing reefs and the ocean floor are disturbed [ Vaughn 2007, pp 82 ] . In the Niger Delta there has been widespread environmental desolation as a consequence of oil geographic expedition and development in the part. This debasement has been caused by gas flaring, above-ground pipe escape, oil waste dumping, and oil spills. Prior to May 2000, about 75 % of the gas produced yearly was flared, doing considerable and permanent ecological harm to the environing land, groundwater, surface H2O, flora and wildlife [ Manwaring, pp 66 ] . The desolation has been so utmost that the country is now undergoing a monolithic UN orientated extenuation and monitoring programme in an effort to clean up the part. Despite the above illustrations, it should be said that some oil and gas exporting states in the underdeveloped universe, such as Malaysia and Oman have non encountered the same negatives. Any positives†¦ †¦ †¦ .. That being said the overall image for developing states is however instead black. That so much of the cost is frequently borne by local communities, including autochthonal people, and so much of the gross goes to the national authoritiess is a major beginning of dissatisfaction. While this is true for most natural resources, oil and to a lesser extent gas have, in add-on, inauspicious planetary environmental effects as a carbon-based fuel that gives off important emanations of nursery gases, with the most of import of these being C dioxide. [ Vaughn 2007Page 267 ] Political Consequences for the states society Local Regional National Where local fiscal resources and capablenesss for set abouting the investing are missing, TNC production represents a direct add-on to end product and income for the host economic system ; the significance of this depends on the size and nature of TNCs local value-creating activities and their placement along the value concatenation [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 130 ] . The job is that foreign engagement implies that portion of the entire income generated will be capture by the TNCs involved and, in some instances, their comparatively strong bargaining power enables them to have a important portion of this income via contractural dialogues [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 131 ] . International Strategic Options In order to efficaciously and responsibly specify the available strategic options for the host state is obvious that we need to guarantee that there is an first-class degree of understanding about the environment in which the company will be runing – over societal, environmental and economic Fieldss. Therefore, any section in charge of this scheme must guarantee that they invariably monitor and analyse the markets for rough monetary value behavior, the relationship between participants, and the political and environmental hazards [ Babusiaux 2007, pp 219 ] . This inquiry that arises, so, is what authoritiess and companies can make to mend or avoid these negative effects and promote the more positive facets of oil and gas production. Ideally, the excess grosss from hydrocarbons could better life criterions for the broader population, while still guaranting that the involvements of groups most instantly affected by the industry are met. [ Schiffrin and Bisat 2004, pp 266 ] . TNC engagement can increase fiscal resources for investing, better direction, transportation engineering and heighten technological capablenesss, generate employment and accomplishments, and increase production and income in the host economic system. Accelerate modernization and heighten the fight of domestic industries. It is of import to see the long-run fiscal security of the host state, and that state should guarantee that it is non economically dependent on oil and gas geographic expedition. Though gross may be big, oil and gas TNCs trade with planetary markets on improbably huge graduated tables ( such as the EU, Japan and the United States ) . The fiscal deductions of the underdeveloped universe being excessively reliant on a individual resource and industry, can take to TNC ‘s merely drenching the economic system. Oil monetary values on the planetary markets are extremely unstable, and the complete trust on oil grosss can drives a roar and broke rhythm in the domestic economic system, lending to increasing degrees of external debt every bit good as rises in poorness rates [ pp 172. Decisions: Page 82 There are two primary jobs that have led to struggles worldwide: the environmental impact of geographic expedition, boring, and transporting oil and gas, and the effects of foreign authoritiess and companies on a state ‘s political, economic, and societal construction – what research workers call the ‘human dimension ‘ of environmental policy, particularly in developing states dependent upon crude oil and gas merchandise for economic endurance [ Vaughn 2007, pp 81 ] . In add-on, TNCs may lend to higher degrees of efficiency, productiveness and invention in the industries concerned [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 121 ] . There are two chief grounds for the universe ‘s continued trust on oil and gas. First, there are presently no options to these fuels in transit. Although a figure of the universe ‘s major energy companies are forcing to progress research on hydrogen-driven fuel cells, this is improbable to hold a important impact on crude oil demand over the following 30 old ages. Second, natural gas is likely to go on its rapid acclivity as the universe ‘s favorite fuel because of its advantages in generated electricity [ Schriffin and Bisat 2004, pp 267 ] . It is hard to do generalisations about the economic impacts. They depend on the features of the TNCs involved [ UN World Investment Report 2007, pp 131 ]